-
1 полезный обмен мнениями
Diplomatic term: useful exchange of opinion, useful exchange of viewsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > полезный обмен мнениями
-
2 полезный обмен мнениями
useful exchange of views / opinionРусско-английский справочник переводчика-международника > полезный обмен мнениями
-
3 intercambio
m.1 exchange.intercambio comercial trade2 interchange, exchange, swapping, trade-in.3 intercourse.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: intercambiar.* * *1 exchange, interchange* * *noun m.* * *SM [de impresiones, de presos, ideas, dinero] exchange; [de sellos, fotos] swap, exchangehice intercambio con una chica inglesa — I went o did an exchange with an English girl
me junto con un estudiante de español y hacemos intercambio de conversación — I get together with a Spanish student to exchange conversation
* * *a) (de ideas, información, bienes) exchangetener un intercambio de palabras — to have words o a quarrel
b) (de sellos, revistas) swap; ( de estudiantes) exchange; ( de prisioneros) exchangec) ( en tenis) rally* * *= exchange, exchange acquisition, interchange, exchange visit, cross-pollination, barter, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], transposition, sharing, bartering.Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.Ex. The 'on approval', 'gift', and ' exchange' types are useful for statistical purposes.Ex. Both UKMARC and UNIMARC comply with ISO 2709, the international standard for bibliographic record interchange on magnetic tape.Ex. The article 'To the Polar Circle on exchange visit' describes a 3 week exchange visit to the Regional Library in Rovaniemi, the largest of Finnish Lapland's 4 towns.Ex. The conference disappointed in there was little cross-pollination of ideas between librarians in the developed and the developing countries.Ex. International exchange of publications between libraries has long been a successful solution to the problem of barter where no absolute value is calculable.Ex. Results indicate that the patterns of cross-fertilization vary greatly among these scientific fields.Ex. Transposition of digits in a number is usually invisible to editors.Ex. There are other networks which support the sharing of cataloguing data.Ex. Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.----* adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.* Cinta de Intercambio de Regristros MARC = MARC Exchange Tape.* efectuar un intercambio = effect + exchange.* estudiante de intercambio = exchange student.* formato de intercambio = exchange format.* idioma de intercambio = exchange language.* intercambio cultural = cultural exchange.* intercambio de calor = heat exchange.* intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.* intercambio de conversación = conversation exchange.* intercambio de direcciones = exchange of address.* intercambio de estudiantes = student exchange.* intercambio de experiencias = exchange of experience.* intercambio de fondos = stock exchange.* intercambio de ideas = fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas, exchange of ideas.* intercambio de información = information exchange, information interchange.* intercambio de opiniones sobre = exchange of opinion on.* intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.* Intercambio Electrónico de Datos (EDI) = EDI (Electronic Data Interchange).* intercambio electrónico de información = electronic exchange of information.* intercambio internacional = international exchange.* intercambio lingüístico = language exchange.* intercambio nacional = national exchange.* intercambio verbal = exchange, verbal transaction, verbal exchange.* lengua de intercambio = exchange language.* programa de intercambio = exchange programme.* sesión de intercambio = swap shop.* visita de intercambio = exchange visit.* * *a) (de ideas, información, bienes) exchangetener un intercambio de palabras — to have words o a quarrel
b) (de sellos, revistas) swap; ( de estudiantes) exchange; ( de prisioneros) exchangec) ( en tenis) rally* * *= exchange, exchange acquisition, interchange, exchange visit, cross-pollination, barter, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], transposition, sharing, bartering.Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
Ex: The 'on approval', 'gift', and ' exchange' types are useful for statistical purposes.Ex: Both UKMARC and UNIMARC comply with ISO 2709, the international standard for bibliographic record interchange on magnetic tape.Ex: The article 'To the Polar Circle on exchange visit' describes a 3 week exchange visit to the Regional Library in Rovaniemi, the largest of Finnish Lapland's 4 towns.Ex: The conference disappointed in there was little cross-pollination of ideas between librarians in the developed and the developing countries.Ex: International exchange of publications between libraries has long been a successful solution to the problem of barter where no absolute value is calculable.Ex: Results indicate that the patterns of cross-fertilization vary greatly among these scientific fields.Ex: Transposition of digits in a number is usually invisible to editors.Ex: There are other networks which support the sharing of cataloguing data.Ex: Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.* adquisición por compra o intercambio = non-gratuitous acquisition.* Cinta de Intercambio de Regristros MARC = MARC Exchange Tape.* efectuar un intercambio = effect + exchange.* estudiante de intercambio = exchange student.* formato de intercambio = exchange format.* idioma de intercambio = exchange language.* intercambio cultural = cultural exchange.* intercambio de calor = heat exchange.* intercambio de conocimientos = learning exchange, cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of knowledge.* intercambio de conversación = conversation exchange.* intercambio de direcciones = exchange of address.* intercambio de estudiantes = student exchange.* intercambio de experiencias = exchange of experience.* intercambio de fondos = stock exchange.* intercambio de ideas = fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas, exchange of ideas.* intercambio de información = information exchange, information interchange.* intercambio de opiniones sobre = exchange of opinion on.* intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.* Intercambio Electrónico de Datos (EDI) = EDI (Electronic Data Interchange).* intercambio electrónico de información = electronic exchange of information.* intercambio internacional = international exchange.* intercambio lingüístico = language exchange.* intercambio nacional = national exchange.* intercambio verbal = exchange, verbal transaction, verbal exchange.* lengua de intercambio = exchange language.* programa de intercambio = exchange programme.* sesión de intercambio = swap shop.* visita de intercambio = exchange visit.* * *1 (de ideas, bienes) exchange; (de sellos, revistas) swapva a hacer un intercambio con un chico inglés he's going on an exchange with an English boyintercambio de opiniones/experiencias exchange of opinions/experiencesintercambio cultural cultural exchangeel debate terminó con un intercambio de insultos the discussion ended in an exchange of insultstuvieron un intercambio de palabras they exchanged words, they had an argument2 (en tenis) rallyCompuesto:( Inf) file sharing* * *
Del verbo intercambiar: ( conjugate intercambiar)
intercambio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
intercambió es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
intercambiar
intercambio
intercambiar ( conjugate intercambiar) verbo transitivo ‹impresiones/ideas› to exchange;
‹sellos/revistas› to swap
intercambio sustantivo masculino
(de estudiantes, prisioneros) exchange
intercambiar verbo transitivo to exchange, swap
intercambio sustantivo masculino exchange: el ambiente favorecía el intercambio de ideas, the atmosphere favoured the exchange of ideas
' intercambio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
tiroteo
English:
cement
- cultural exchange
- exchange
- interchange
- intercultural
- swap
- switch
- wife-swapping
* * *intercambio nm[de objetos, ideas] exchange; [de cromos] swap;se ha producido un intercambio de lugares en la clasificación the two teams have swapped places in the table;la discusión acabó con un intercambio de puñetazos the argument ended with them trading punches;un alumno de intercambio an exchange student;hizo intercambio con una chica canadiense she did an exchange with a Canadian girlintercambio comercial trade;intercambio cultural cultural exchange;Fin intercambio de la deuda debt swap;intercambio de golpes [en tenis] rally;intercambio de ideas exchange of ideas;intercambio de parejas swinging* * *m exchange, swap;intercambio de datos/opiniones exchange of information/ideas* * *intercambio nmcanje: exchange, trade* * *intercambio n exchange -
4 мнение
сущ.opinion; viewвыражать полностью или частично единогласное мнение судей — to represent in whole or in part the unanimous opinion of the judges
высказывать своё мнение (по определённому вопросу) — to express (give) one's opinion (views) (on a particular issue / question)
запрашивать консультативное мнение — ( заключение) to ask for (request) advisory opinion(s) ( from)
разделять мнение — ( чьё-л) to share ( smb's) opinion (view)
расходиться во мнениях — to be at variance (on); differ in opinion; dissent
расхождение во мнениях — dissent; divergence of opinions (of views)
мнение судьи, не являющееся решением — ( по делу) extrajudicial opinion; judicial dictum
мнение судьи, совпадающее с мнением большинства состава суда — concurring (concurrent) opinion
- мнение меньшинстваединогласное мнение (судей), единодушное мнение (судей) — unanimous (undivided) opinion (of the judges)
- мнение судьи
- мировое общественное мнение
- общепринятое мнение
- общественное мнение
- особое мнение
- предубеждённое мнение
- противоречивые мнения
- разъясняющее мнение -
5 полезный обмен мнениями
(diplomatic relations and international law) useful exchange of views / opinion -
6 impresión
f.1 impression, idea, feeling, vague idea.2 impression, printing, print, mark.3 computer printout, printout.4 edition, number printed.* * *1 (en imprenta) printing2 (huella) impression, imprint■ en una entrevista es importante causar buena impresión in an interview it's important to create a good impression■ el día en que lo conocí me llevé muy mala impresión my first impression of him was not very favourable4 (opinión) impression\cambiar impresiones to compare notesde impresión familiar amazing* * *noun f.1) feeling, impression2) printing* * *SF1) (=sensación) impression¿qué impresión te produjo? — what was your impression of it?
•
cambiar impresiones — to exchange views•
causar (una) buena impresión a algn, hacer buena impresión a algn — [persona] to make a good impression on sb; [actividad, ciudad] to impress sb•
dar la impresión de, da la impresión de ser un autor maduro — he appears to be a mature authorme da la impresión de que... — I get the impression that...
•
de impresión — Esp * fabulous *¡estabas de impresión con ese vestido! — you looked fabulous in that dress! *
•
intercambiar impresiones — to exchange views•
primera impresión — first impression•
tener la impresión de que... — to have the impression that...2) (=susto) shock3) (=huella) imprintimpresión dactilar, impresión digital — fingerprint
4) (Tip) (=acción) printing; (=resultado) print; (=tirada) print runla impresión es tan mala que resulta difícil de leer — the print is so bad that it's difficult to read
una impresión de 5.000 ejemplares — a print run of 5,000 copies
impresión en color(es) — colour printing, color printing (EEUU)
5) (Inform) (=acción) printing; (=resultado) printout6) (Fot) print7) (Bio, Psic) imprinting* * *1)a) (idea, sensación) impressionnos causó or nos hizo muy buena impresión — he made a very good impression on us
me da/tengo la impresión de que me está mintiendo — I have a feeling he's lying to me
b) ( sensación desagradable)2)c) ( huella) imprint•* * *1)a) (idea, sensación) impressionnos causó or nos hizo muy buena impresión — he made a very good impression on us
me da/tengo la impresión de que me está mintiendo — I have a feeling he's lying to me
b) ( sensación desagradable)2)c) ( huella) imprint•* * *impresión11 = excitement, impression, perception, shock, illusion.Nota: Falso amigo.Ex: If done effectively, displays can add interest and even excitement to the process of information discovery.
Ex: This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.Ex: Nevertheless, citation indexes do seek to link documents according to their content (or at least the perception of their content held by the author of the source work).Ex: The shock of Sputnik precipitated a near-frantic concern about our technological complacency, sending the country into a crash program of science education and space exploration in order to regain a lost prestige.Ex: A motion picture is a length of film, with or without recorded sound, bearing a sequence of images that create the illusion of movement when projected in rapid succession.* causar buena impresión = impress, come across.* causar impresión = make + impression.* causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.* causar una impresión = leave + an impression, make + an impression.* causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.* crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.* dar la impresión = convey + impression, strike + Pronombre Personal, give + the impression that, confer + impression, come off as.* dar la impresión de = contrive, conjure up + a picture of, come across as.* dar la impresión de seriedad en el trabajo = appear + businesslike.* dar mala impresión = look + bad.* dar una falsa impresión = keep up + facade, put on + an act.* dar una impresión = make + an impression, leave + an impression, present + an image.* dar una impresión de = give + an impression of.* dar una impresión equivocada = send + the wrong signals.* dejar una impresión = leave with + the impression, leave + an impression, leave + an imprint, make + an impression.* impresión duradera = lasting impression.* impresión imborrable = indelible impression.* no dar una impresión clara = send + mixed signals.* obtener una impresión = gain + picture.* primera impresión = first impression.* sacar una impresión = gain + picture.* tener la impresión = have + the impression, get + the impression.* tener la impresión de que = get + the feeling that.impresión22 = impression, printing, blowback.Nota: Específicamente, de documento o imagen que ha sido convertido a formato electrónico.Ex: An impression consists of all those copies of an edition printed at one time.
Ex: In the process of the search, prior to display or printing, the computer ranks references according to their weighting.Ex: Blowback refers to the practice of printing electronic documents to paper (blowing them back to tangible form).* cabeza de impresión = print head.* cadena de impresión = print chain.* cola de impresión = print queue.* correr la impresión = slur + impression.* en el momento de la impresión = at the time of going to print.* equipo de impresión = press crew.* etapa anterior a la impresión = prepress [pre-press].* fase anterior a la impresión = prepress phase.* fecha de impresión = imprint date.* forma de impresión = composing frame, forme, plate.* gestor de colas de impresión = print spooler.* impresión a chorros de tinta = ink-jet printing.* impresión a color = colour printing.* impresión de libros = book-printing.* impresión de noticias = news-printing.* impresión de tamaño reducido = microprint, microprinting.* impresión en línea = online print.* impresión en oro = gold tooling.* impresión en papel = print on paper.* impresión en plancha de madera = woodblock printing.* impresión en seco = blind tooling, blind impression.* impresión fuera de línea = offline print.* impresión manual = hand-printing.* impresión mecánica = machine printing.* impresión offset litográfica = offset litho.* impresión por láser = laser printing.* impresión tipográfica = letterpress.* letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.* lugar de impresión = place of printing.* margarita de impresión = print wheel.* permiso de impresión = imprimatur.* petición de impresión = print request.* plancha de cobre para la impresión en huecograbado = intaglio copperplate.* plancha de impresión = plate, printing plate.* plancha de impresión de cobre = copperplate.* plancha de impresión de latón = pewter plate.* plancha de impresión en relieve de cobre = engraved copper plate.* plancha de impresión litográfica = lithographic plate.* proceso de impresión = printing process.* puntura de impresión = press point.* sala de impresión = press room [pressroom].* servicio de impresión = offline print facility.* superficie de impresión = printing surface.* taller de impresión = print shop, printing firm, printing house.* tarifa de impresión = print charge.* terminal de impresión = typewriter terminal.* trabajo de impresión = bookwork.* trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.* trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.* * *A1 (idea, sensación) impressionda la impresión de ser demasiado ancho it looks (as if it might be) too widenos causó or nos hizo muy buena impresión he made a very good impression on us, we were very impressed with himme da/tengo la impresión de que me está mintiendo I have a feeling o an idea he's lying to me, I get the impression o feeling he's lying to meno tuvimos oportunidad de cambiar impresiones we didn't get a chance to compare notes o talk about it2(sensación desagradable): tocar el pescado me da impresión handling fish turns my stomachver sangre le daba impresión she couldn't stand the sight of bloodel agua está tan fría que da impresión al entrar the water's so cold, it's a bit of a shock when you first get inB3 (de un disco) pressing4 (huella) imprintla impresión de un pie en la arena a footprint in the sandCompuestos:fingerprintfour-color* printingmulticolor* printing* * *
impresión sustantivo femenino
nos causó or nos hizo muy buena impresión he made a very good impression on us;
me da/tengo la impresión de que me está mintiendo I have a feeling he's lying to me;
cambiar impresiones to exchange ideasb) ( sensación desagradable):
impresión sustantivo femenino
1 Impr (acto) printing
(edición) edition
2 (marca, señal) impression, imprint
3 fig (efecto, emoción) impression
causar buena/mala impresión, to make a good/bad impression
(impacto desagradable) shock
4 fig (opinión) impression: quería saber mi impresión sobre su nuevo marido, she wanted to know what I thought of her new husband
♦ Locuciones: cambiar impresiones, to exchange impressions
familiar de impresión, impressive: tienen una casa de impresión, they've got an impressive house
' impresión' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
caer
- causar
- choque
- darse
- deslumbrar
- efecto
- espanto
- estela
- hacer
- imagen
- lastimosa
- lastimoso
- morrocotuda
- morrocotudo
- negativa
- negativo
- parecer
- sacudida
- shock
- sonar
- chocante
- dejo
- impresionar
- saber
- sensación
- susto
- visceral
English:
effect
- feel
- feeling
- idea
- impact
- impression
- letter-quality
- printing
- sharp
- come
- illusion
- impress
- overall
- sound
- strike
* * *impresión nf1. [efecto] impression;causar (una) buena/mala impresión to make a good/bad impression;dar la impresión de to give the impression of;me dio la impresión de que estaban enfadados I got the impression they were annoyed;le dio mucha impresión ver el cadáver seeing the body was a real shock to him;me causó mucha impresión esa película that film had a great effect on meDep impresión artística artistic impression2. [opinión]me gustaría conocer tu impresión del tema I'd like to know what your thoughts are on the issue;tener la impresión de que to have the impression that;cambiar impresiones to compare notes, to exchange viewsme di un susto de impresión I got a hell of a fright;tiene una casa de impresión he has an incredible o amazing house4. [huella] imprintimpresión dactilar fingerprint;impresión digital fingerprint[edición] edition;una impresión de lujo a de-luxe edition;impresión en color colour printing;impresión a una/dos caras one-/two-sided printingInformát impresión subordinada background printing* * *f1 impression;causar impresión make an impression;causar buena impresión make a good impression2:la sangre le da impresión he can’t stand the sight of blood3 acto printing;impresión en color color printing, Br colour printing4 ( tirada) print run* * *1) : print, printing2) : impression, feeling* * *1. (efecto) impression2. (alteración) shock3. (sensación) feeling -
7 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
См. также в других словарях:
Community Exchange System — Numismatics Terminology Portal Currency … Wikipedia
international payment and exchange — ▪ economics Introduction international exchange also called foreign exchange respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in which national currencies are bought and sold by those who require them for such… … Universalium
The Power Elite — is an influential book written by the sociologist, C. Wright Mills, in 1956. In it Mills called attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society and suggested that the ordinary… … Wikipedia
Francis Baring — Not to be confused with Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook. Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet (18 April 1740 ndash; 12 September 1810) was an English merchant banker. He was born at Larkbear near Exeter, son of John Baring (1697–1748) and his… … Wikipedia
United States Tax Court — The United States Tax Court is a federal trial court of record established by Congress under Article I of the U.S. Constitution, section 8 of which provides (in part) that the Congress has the power to constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme … Wikipedia
United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… … Universalium
India — /in dee euh/, n. 1. Hindi, Bharat. a republic in S Asia: a union comprising 25 states and 7 union territories; formerly a British colony; gained independence Aug. 15, 1947; became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations Jan. 26, 1950.… … Universalium
Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… … Universalium
Europe, history of — Introduction history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… … Universalium
France — /frans, frahns/; Fr. /frddahonns/, n. 1. Anatole /ann nann tawl /, (Jacques Anatole Thibault), 1844 1924, French novelist and essayist: Nobel prize 1921. 2. a republic in W Europe. 58,470,421; 212,736 sq. mi. (550,985 sq. km). Cap.: Paris. 3.… … Universalium
education — /ej oo kay sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life. 2. the act or process of… … Universalium
